how do psd3 and psr affect the ATM businesses, from the business perspective?

“"Critical ICT Third-Party Provider" (CTPP) status”

“A counterintuitive spillover is the potential for IADs to be designated as Critical ICT Third-Party Providers (CTPPs). If an ATM deployer captures significant market share in a specific EU member state, they may fall under the direct oversight of the Lead Overseer (e.g., the EBA). This creates a "regulatory ceiling" on growth. An ATM business might find that crossing a certain threshold of market penetration triggers a level of oversight—including "oversight fees" and "recommendations" that carry the weight of law—which destroys the thin margins typical of the ATM industry. Instead of seeking scale, smart IADs may intentionally fragment their operations to avoid the "critical" designation, leading to a less efficient, more decentralized cash infrastructure.”

“The core fallacy of the harmonized licensing claim is the assumption that uniformity equals ease of entry. In reality, the shift from a Directive to a Regulation (PSR) removes the "proportionality" flexibilities that national regulators previously used to keep small IADs solvent. When the regulatory floor is raised to a high, uniform European standard, it triggers what economists call regulatory capture.”

“Harmonized Licensing for IADs”

“this turns the ATM network into a "regulated commons." If banks fail to provide access, IADs become the primary beneficiaries of government-mandated infrastructure subsidies or favorable interchange fee structures designed to keep the "cash cycle" alive.”