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Philosophical Investigations — Ludwig Wittgenstein

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Book thesis

Wittgenstein’s central move is to stop looking for a hidden object called meaning and to look instead at what people do with words. The book is not a system replacing the Tractatus with another theory; it is a method for dissolving philosophical pictures that hold us captive. Words mean within activities, training, uses, and forms of life. > Don’t think, but look! > For a large class of cases... the meaning of a word is its use in the language.
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Augustinian picture

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The book opens with Augustine’s description of learning language: adults point to things, children associate sounds with objects, and words become names. Wittgenstein treats this as a powerful but misleading picture. It works for some nouns in some contexts, but it cannot explain orders, questions, jokes, numbers, colours, pain, games, or the many other things language does. The danger is not that naming never happens, but that one simple case becomes a model for all meaning.

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Naming is not enough

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Ostensive definition looks simple: point and say a word. But pointing at a pencil could mean pencil, wood, one, this colour, this shape, or writing tool, depending on what the learner is prepared to do with the sign. A gesture only teaches within a background practice. This undermines the thought that language rests on bare acts of attaching names to objects. > An ostensive definition can be variously interpreted in every case.

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Meaning as use

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Wittgenstein’s alternative is to ask how a word is used. Meaning is not a mental image, private object, or essence hovering behind the word. To understand a word is to know how it functions in the relevant language-game: when to say it, how to respond to it, what counts as using it correctly, and what role it plays in life. > The meaning of a word is its use in the language.

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Language-games

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Philosophical problems as bewitchment

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